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| 1549 |
| | | Brazil becomes a Portuguese royal province, under the control of a governor general | |
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| 1572 |
| | | Luis de Camoëns publishes The Lusiads, the poem which becomes Portugal's national epic | |
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| 1580 |
| | | A Spanish army marches into Portugal to claim the crown for the king of Spain, Philip II | |
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| 1668 |
| | | Spain finally accepts the independence of the kingdom of Portugal, after nearly a century of Spanish rule | |
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| 1759 |
| | | The Portuguese expel the Jesuits from Brazil, beginning a widespread reaction against the order in Catholic Europe | |
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| 1799 |
| | | A Portuguese prince regent, the future John VI, rules on behalf of his deranged mother, Queen Maria | |
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| 1807 |
| | | Napoleon launches an invasion of Portugal, increasing the likelihood of a Peninsular War | |
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| 1807 |
| | | The Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil on the approach of a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot | |
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| 1808 |
| | | A British army under Arthur Wellesley (later duke of Wellington) defeats the French at Vimeiro, near Lisbon | |
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| 1809 |
| | | British commander Arthur Wellesley builds the lines of Torres Vedras, to defend the promontory leading south to Lisbon | |
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